Geneva, Switzerland- The UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has launched a report entitled “Global economic fracturing and shifting investment patterns” examines the complex landscape of global foreign direct investment (FDI).
The report sheds light on ten transformational shifts in investment priorities across industries and regions, shaped by trends in global value chains and geopolitical dynamics, and emphasizes the necessity of integrating sustainability and development into investment strategies.
Three diverging trends in global foreign investmentsUN Trade and Development highlights key FDI trends that have evolved over the past two decades.
Firstly, the growth of FDI and global value chains (GVCs) is no longer aligned with GDP and trade growth, indicating a significant shift in the global economy.
Since 2010, global GDP and trade have continued to expand at an annual average of 3.4% and 4.2% respectively, even amidst rising trade tensions.
By contrast, FDI growth has stagnated near 0%, in the midst of rising protectionism, growing geopolitical tensions and increased investor caution.
Additionally, there is a growing gap between the manufacturing and services sectors, with investments increasingly leaning towards services.
From 2004 to 2023, the share of cross-border greenfield projects in the services sector grew from 66% to 81%.
Simultaneously, FDI in manufacturing was stagnating for two decades before going down significantly, with a negative compound annual growth rate of -12% in the three years after the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic.
The decline in manufacturing has severely impacted smaller economies, hindering their ability to participate in global production, upgrade production methods and adopt new technologies.
Finally, the report highlights that the geography of global FDI has been significantly re-shaped by China’s reduced role as a recipient country.
Multinational corporations have shown diminishing enthusiasm for launching new investments in China. However, the country still holds a dominant position in global manufacturing and trade, which signifies a transformation in its international production model.
From divergence to fracturing
The transition from divergence to fracturing in global investment patterns emerges as a key concern.
Recent global conflicts and crises have disrupted usual investment patterns, leading to unstable investment relationships and limited chances to benefit from strategic diversification.
The report cautions that investment decisions are now more frequently influenced by geopolitical factors, at times overriding economic determinants, complicating standard approaches to investment promotion and hindering FDI-based development.
Sustainability push but smaller developing countries increasingly bypassed
Despite progress toward sustainability and the Sustainable Development Goals, the impacts on developing nations are mixed.
The growing trend of FDI to environmental technologies offers new opportunities but fails to fully address the slowdown in other industries, specially affecting developing and least developed countries, increasing the vulnerability of their economies.
The expansion of the services sector mainly benefits larger developing economies that can effectively compete, creating an imbalance that leaves smaller ones at a disadvantage, accentuating disparities and underscoring the need for policies that provide all developing countries equal opportunities.
Implications for development
The narrowing focus of FDI, both geographically and sectorally, sidelines smaller and less developed nations, heightening their economic fragility. Furthermore, traditional reliance on manufacturing investments no longer guarantees sustained growth and economic development.
Call to bridge investment gaps
In response to the pressing need to bridge investment disparities across sectors and regions, UN Trade and Development is calling for immediate action to ensure that the benefits of investment are distributed more equitably and aligned with overarching developmental objectives.
